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A Simple Statistical Parameter for Use in Evaluation and Validation of High Throughput Screening Assays
Ji-Hu Zhang
DuPont Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Leads Discovery, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Wilmington, Delaware
Thomas D. Y. Chung
DuPont Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Leads Discovery, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Wilmington, Delaware
Kevin R. Oldenburg
DuPont Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Leads Discovery, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Wilmington, Delaware
The ability to identify active compounds ("hits") from large chemical libraries accurately and rapidly has been the ultimate goal in developing high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. The ability to identify hits from a particular HTS assay depends largely on the suitability or quality of the assay used in the screening. The criteria or parameters for evaluating the "suitability" of an HTS assay for hit identification are not well defined and hence it still remains difficult to compare the quality of assays directly. In this report, a screening window coefficient, called "Z- factor," is defined. This coefficient is reflective of both the assay signal dynamic range and the data variation associated with the signal measurements, and therefore is suitable for assay quality assessment. The Z-factor is a dimensionless, simple statistical characteristic for each HTS assay. The Z-factor provides a useful tool for comparison and evaluation of the quality of assays, and can be utilized in assay optimization and validation.
Journal of Biomolecular Screening, Vol. 4, No. 2,
67-73 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/108705719900400206

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C. R. Evelyn, T. Ferng, R. J. Rojas, M. J. Larsen, J. Sondek, and R. R. Neubig
High-Throughput Screening for Small-Molecule Inhibitors of LARG-Stimulated RhoA Nucleotide Binding via a Novel Fluorescence Polarization Assay
J Biomol Screen,
February 1, 2009;
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161 - 172.
[Abstract]
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W. F. Marshall
Quantitative High-Throughput Assays for Flagella-Based Motility in Chlamydomonas Using Plate-Well Image Analysis and Transmission Correlation Spectroscopy
J Biomol Screen,
February 1, 2009;
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133 - 141.
[Abstract]
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M. Harndahl, S. Justesen, K. Lamberth, G. Roder, M. Nielsen, and S. Buus
Peptide Binding to HLA Class I Molecules: Homogenous, High-Throughput Screening, and Affinity Assays
J Biomol Screen,
February 1, 2009;
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[Abstract]
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C. B. Carlson, M. B. Robers, K. W. Vogel, and T. Machleidt
Development of LanthaScreenTM Cellular Assays for Key Components within the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
J Biomol Screen,
February 1, 2009;
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L. Peternel, M. Kotnik, A. Prezelj, and U. Urleb
Comparison of 3 Cytotoxicity Screening Assays and Their Application to the Selection of Novel Antibacterial Hits
J Biomol Screen,
February 1, 2009;
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V. Unterreiner, Y. Ibig-Rehm, M. Simonen, H. Gubler, and D. Gabriel
Comparison of Variability and Sensitivity between Nuclear Translocation and Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays
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January 1, 2009;
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C. Marchand, W. A. Lea, A. Jadhav, T. S. Dexheimer, C. P. Austin, J. Inglese, Y. Pommier, and A. Simeonov
Identification of phosphotyrosine mimetic inhibitors of human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I by a novel AlphaScreen high-throughput assay
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January 1, 2009;
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[Abstract]
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V. Patel, M. Booker, M. Kramer, L. Ross, C. A. Celatka, L. M. Kennedy, J. D. Dvorin, M. T. Duraisingh, P. Sliz, D. F. Wirth, et al.
Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase
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December 12, 2008;
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[Abstract]
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A. E. Grzegorzewicz, Y. Ma, V. Jones, D. Crick, A. Liav, and M. R. McNeil
Development of a microtitre plate-based assay for lipid-linked glycosyltransferase products using the mycobacterial cell wall rhamnosyltransferase WbbL
Microbiology,
December 1, 2008;
154(12):
3724 - 3730.
[Abstract]
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G. Li Pira, F. Ivaldi, C. Dentone, E. Righi, V. Del Bono, C. Viscoli, G. Koopman, and F. Manca
Evaluation of Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses with a Miniaturized and Automated Method
Clin. Vaccine Immunol.,
December 1, 2008;
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[Abstract]
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M. M.C. van Der Lee, M. Bras, C. J. van Koppen, and G. J.R. Zaman
{beta}-Arrestin Recruitment Assay for the Identification of Agonists of the Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor EDG1
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December 1, 2008;
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986 - 998.
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D. Patnaik, Jun Xian, M. A. Glicksman, G. D. Cuny, R. L. Stein, and J. M.G. Higgins
Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Mitotic Kinase Haspin by High-Throughput Screening Using a Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay
J Biomol Screen,
December 1, 2008;
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1025 - 1034.
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R. Rathore, J. Corr, G. Scott, P. Vollmerhaus, and K. D. Greis
Development of an Inhibitor Screening Platform via Mass Spectrometry
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December 1, 2008;
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M. Rieck, W. Meissner, S. Ries, S. Muller-Brusselbach, and R. Muller
Ligand-Mediated Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) {beta}/{delta}: A Comparative Analysis of PPAR-Selective Agonists and All-trans Retinoic Acid
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November 1, 2008;
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K. Jayathilaka, S. D. Sheridan, T. D. Bold, K. Bochenska, H. L. Logan, R. R. Weichselbaum, D. K. Bishop, and P. P. Connell
A chemical compound that stimulates the human homologous recombination protein RAD51
PNAS,
October 14, 2008;
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[Abstract]
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M. Wolff, S. G. Kauschke, S. Schmidt, and R. Heilker
Activation and Translocation of Glucokinase in Rat Primary Hepatocytes Monitored by High Content Image Analysis
J Biomol Screen,
October 1, 2008;
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M. Kocan, H. B. See, R. M. Seeber, K. A. Eidne, and K. D.G. Pfleger
Demonstration of Improvements to the Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) Technology for the Monitoring of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Live Cells
J Biomol Screen,
October 1, 2008;
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888 - 898.
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W. E. Severson, M. McDowell, S. Ananthan, D.-H. Chung, L. Rasmussen, M. I. Sosa, E. L. White, J. Noah, and C. B. Jonsson
High-Throughput Screening of a 100,000-Compound Library for Inhibitors of Influenza A Virus (H3N2)
J Biomol Screen,
October 1, 2008;
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K.I. Seyb, E.R. Schuman, J. Ni, M.M. Huang, M.L. Michaelis, and M.A. Glicksman
Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of {beta}-Amyloid Cytotoxicity through a Cell-Based High-Throughput Screening Platform
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October 1, 2008;
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G. K.Y. Chan, B. A. Lutterbach, B.-S. Pan, I. Kariv, and A. A. Szewczak
High-Throughput Analysis of HGF-Stimulated Cell Scattering
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October 1, 2008;
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J. R. Chevillet, G. J. Park, A. Bedalov, J. A. Simon, and V. I. Vasioukhin
Identification and characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of hepsin
Mol. Cancer Ther.,
October 1, 2008;
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L. P. Saunders, A. Ouellette, R. Bandle, W. C. Chang, H. Zhou, R. N. Misra, E. M. De La Cruz, and D. T. Braddock
Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of autotaxin that inhibit melanoma cell migration and invasion
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October 1, 2008;
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C. Graf, M. Klumpp, M. Habig, P. Rovina, A. Billich, T. Baumruker, B. Oberhauser, and F. Bornancin
Targeting Ceramide Metabolism with a Potent and Specific Ceramide Kinase Inhibitor
Mol. Pharmacol.,
October 1, 2008;
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M. Zheng, S. E. Morgan-Lappe, J. Yang, K. M. Bockbrader, D. Pamarthy, D. Thomas, S. W. Fesik, and Y. Sun
Growth Inhibition and Radiosensitization of Glioblastoma and Lung Cancer Cells by Small Interfering RNA Silencing of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 2
Cancer Res.,
September 15, 2008;
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[Abstract]
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I. Prassas, M. Paliouras, A. Datti, and E. P. Diamandis
High-Throughput Screening Identifies Cardiac Glycosides as Potent Inhibitors of Human Tissue Kallikrein Expression: Implications for Cancer Therapies
Clin. Cancer Res.,
September 15, 2008;
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[Abstract]
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J. A. Trendel, N. Ellis, J. G. Sarver, W. A. Klis, M. Dhananjeyan, C. A. Bykowski, M. D. Reese, and P. W. Erhardt
Catalytically Active Peptidylglycine {alpha}-Amidating Monooxygenase in the Media of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
J Biomol Screen,
September 1, 2008;
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X. Zhao, A. Jones, K. R. Olson, K. Peng, T. Wehrman, A. Park, R. Mallari, D. Nebalasca, S. W. Young, and S.-H. Xiao
A Homogeneous Enzyme Fragment Complementation-Based {beta}-Arrestin Translocation Assay for High-Throughput Screening of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
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September 1, 2008;
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J. J. Hawes, J. D. Nerva, and K. M. Reilly
Novel Dual-Reporter Preclinical Screen for Antiastrocytoma Agents Identifies Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Compounds
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September 1, 2008;
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A. M. Wiles, D. Ravi, S. Bhavani, and A. J.R. Bishop
An Analysis of Normalization Methods for Drosophila RNAi Genomic Screens and Development of a Robust Validation Scheme
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September 1, 2008;
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R. E. Georgescu, O. Yurieva, S.-S. Kim, J. Kuriyan, X.-P. Kong, and M. O'Donnell
Structure of a small-molecule inhibitor of a DNA polymerase sliding clamp
PNAS,
August 12, 2008;
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P. Stoilov, C.-H. Lin, R. Damoiseaux, J. Nikolic, and D. L. Black
A high-throughput screening strategy identifies cardiotonic steroids as alternative splicing modulators
PNAS,
August 12, 2008;
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J. Gao, Y. Xu, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Zheng, W. Jiang, B. Hong, X. Yan, and S. Si
Identification of Upregulators of Human ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 via High-Throughput Screening of a Synthetic and Natural Compound Library
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August 1, 2008;
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M. Maroto, Y. Fernandez, J. Ortin, F. Pelaez, and M. A. Cabello
Development of an HTS Assay for the Search of Anti-influenza Agents Targeting the Interaction of Viral RNA with the NS1 Protein
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August 1, 2008;
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581 - 590.
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D. J. Krysan and L. Didone
A High-Throughput Screening Assay for Small Molecules That Disrupt Yeast Cell Integrity
J Biomol Screen,
August 1, 2008;
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J.-J. Yoon, D. Chawla, T. Paal, M. Ndungu, Y. Du, S. Kurtkaya, A. Sun, J. P. Snyder, and R. K. Plemper
High-Throughput Screening--Based Identification of Paramyxovirus Inhibitors
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August 1, 2008;
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591 - 608.
[Abstract]
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X. D. Zhang, P. F. Kuan, M. Ferrer, X. Shu, Y. C. Liu, A. T. Gates, P. Kunapuli, E. M. Stec, M. Xu, S. D. Marine, et al.
Hit selection with false discovery rate control in genome-scale RNAi screens
Nucleic Acids Res.,
August 1, 2008;
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L. M. Mayr and P. Fuerst
The Future of High-Throughput Screening
J Biomol Screen,
July 1, 2008;
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